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For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. *******************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 23200, 731]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 24147, 767]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 24056, 760]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[TextData[{ "Instructions: \nBegin by reading the Introduction.\nIn Part I, after \ executing and animating the command \n\t\ Do[compare[Sin[x],0,n,{-10,10},{-3,3}],{n,0,20,2}];\n\texplain what the \ graphs are telling you.\nIn the You Try It for Part I, first execute the \ commands as they are (with Log[x]),\n\tthen contrast what happens with the \ Do[compare... command here with the Sin[x] example.\n\tWhat is the major \ difference you notice?\n\tTry out another function of your own choosing.\nIn \ Part II, contrast the behavior of the sine function to the rational function \ given.\n\tDescribe the difference and explain why it occurs.\nIn the You Try \ It for Part II, try out some functions and values of \"a\" of your own.\n\tBe \ sure to adjust the xlimits, ylimits, and nrange as necessary.\n\tBy the way, \ not all functions will work here.\n\n", StyleBox["The heart of your write-up will be a written summary (NOT HAND \ WRITTEN) of your observations, but you may include a few pages of ", FontWeight->"Bold"], StyleBox["Mathematica", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox[" printouts to help clarify your explanations.\n", FontWeight->"Bold"] }], "Subsubtitle"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Taylor Polynomial Approximations of a Function", "Title", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[StyleBox["Chapter 8, Section 7", FontWeight->"Bold"]], "Text", FontSize->16], Cell[BoxData[{ \(\(Off[General::spell1];\)\), "\n", \(\(Off[General::spell];\)\), "\n", \(\(Off[General::spelll];\)\), "\n", \(\(taylor[f_, a_, n_] := Normal[Series[f, {x, a, n}]];\)\), "\n", \(\(compare2[f_, a_, n_, xlim_, yyylim_] := Module[{}, g = taylor[f, a, n]; size = 6; \n\t\tgraph1 = Plot[f, {x, xlim[\([1]\)], xlim[\([2]\)]}, AxesLabel \[Rule] {"\", None}, ImageSize -> {72*size, 72*size/3*2}, AspectRatio \[Rule] 2/3, PlotStyle \[Rule] {RGBColor[0, 0, 1]}, PlotRegion -> {{0, 1}, {0, 0.75}}, DisplayFunction \[Rule] Identity]; \n\t\tgraph2 = Plot[g, {x, xlim[\([1]\)], xlim[\([2]\)]}, PlotStyle -> {RGBColor[1, 0, 0]}, ImageSize -> {72*size, 72*size/3*2}, AspectRatio \[Rule] 2/3, PlotRegion -> {{0, 1}, {0, 0.75}}, DisplayFunction \[Rule] Identity]; \n\t\tShow[{graph1, graph2}, AspectRatio \[Rule] 2/3, ImageSize -> {72*size, 72*size/3*2}, PlotRegion -> {{0, 1}, {0, 0.75}}, DisplayFunction \[Rule] $DisplayFunction, PlotRange -> {yyylim[\([1]\)], yyylim[\([2]\)]}, \ Epilog -> {RGBColor[0, 0, 1], Text[f, {\((xlim[\([1]\)] + xlim[\([2]\)])\)/2, yyylim[\([2]\)] + 0.13*\((yyylim[\([2]\)] - yyylim[\([1]\)])\)}], RGBColor[1, 0, 0], Text[p\_n, {\((xlim[\([1]\)] + xlim[\([2]\)])\)/2, yyylim[\([2]\)] + 0.05*\((yyylim[\([2]\)] - yyylim[\([1]\)])\)}]}];\t];\)\), "\n", \(\(taylorpolydemo[f_, a_, iter_, xlimits_, yyylimits_] := Do[compare2[f, a, n, xlimits, yyylimits], Evaluate[Flatten[{n, iter}, 1]]];\)\), "\n", \(\(Off[Plot::plnr];\)\)}], "Input", Editable->False, PageWidth->PaperWidth, CellOpen->False, InitializationCell->True, FontFamily->"Courier New", FontSize->12, FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->GrayLevel[0], Background->GrayLevel[1]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Introduction", "Section", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell["\<\ OBJECTIVE: Observe an animated demonstration of the convergence of Taylor \ polynomials to a function that has derivatives of all orders over some \ interval of its domain.\ \>", "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "Part II of this module contains a specially designed function that can be \ used for demonstrations and explorations. The ", StyleBox["taylorpolydemo[ ] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "command demonstrates the convergence of Taylor polynomials to a function \ over some interval of its domain, provided the function has derivatives of \ all orders. The command generates a series of plots showing the function and \ the Taylor polynomial, as the degree of the polynomial increases. The series \ of plots that is generated can be animated to demonstrate the convergence of \ the Taylor polynomials. Several functions are included in the module and \ others can easily be added. Part I leads you through the construction of the \ ", StyleBox["taylorpolydemo[ ]", FontWeight->"Bold"], " command and explains how it works. If you are only interested in using ", StyleBox["taylorpolydemo[ ]", FontWeight->"Bold"], " for demonstrations and explorations, you can skip Part I and the related \ You Try It section, and go directly to Part II.\n" }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Technology Guidelines", "Subsection", PageWidth->PaperWidth, CellDingbat->"\[LightBulb]"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["NOTE: If you have just finished a module, restart ", CellFrame->True, Background->None], StyleBox["Mathematica", CellFrame->True, FontSlant->"Italic", Background->None], StyleBox[" before executing a new module.\nTO OPEN CELLS, put your cursor \ on the right cell bracket and double click.", CellFrame->True, Background->None], "\nINITIALIZATION CELLS\n\tWhen asked if you want to \". . . automatically \ evaluate all the initialization cells in the \tnotebook . . . ,\" respond by \ pressing the \"Yes\" button.\nTO STOP AN EXECUTION\n\tSelect the ", StyleBox["Kernel", FontSlant->"Italic"], " pull-down menu and click on ", StyleBox["Abort Evaluation.\n", FontSlant->"Italic"], "ORDER OF EXECUTION\n\tExecute cells in the order given. Do not skip any \ Input cells within a given notebook.\nSAVING NOTEBOOKS\n\tYou can save \ anytime to any directory you choose, and it is wise to save often.\n\t \ However, before you do your final save, delete all your output by selecting \ the \n\t ", StyleBox["Delete All Output", FontSlant->"Italic"], " selection under the ", StyleBox["Kernel", FontSlant->"Italic"], " pull-down menu.\nEXPERIENCING MAJOR PROBLEMS\n\tSave if appropriate, and \ then shut down ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " and start it up again." }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Part I: Computing and Visualizing Taylor Polynomials", "Section", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "We can use ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " to find Taylor polynomial approximations for functions in the vicinity of \ a point whose ", StyleBox["x", FontSlant->"Italic"], "-coordinate equals ", StyleBox["a", FontSlant->"Italic"], ". The third-degree polynomial that approximates ", StyleBox["Exp[x]", FontWeight->"Bold"], " near ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`x\ = \ 0\)]], " is:" }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[{ \(Clear[x]\), "\n", \(Series[Exp[x], {x, 0, 3}]\)}], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "The last term is called the error term. It tells us that the cubic \ polynomial gives a fourth-order approximation of ", StyleBox["Exp[x]", FontWeight->"Bold"], " near ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`x\ = \ 0\)]], ".\n\nTo evaluate a Taylor polynomial for specific values of ", StyleBox["x", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", we must obtain a form of the polynomial that does not include the error \ term. This can be done as follows." }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ \(Normal[Series[Exp[x], {x, 0, 5}]]\)], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "Next, we build a ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " command that will give an ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`n\^th\)]], " degree Taylor polynomial for approximating ", StyleBox["f", FontWeight->"Bold"], " near ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`x\ = \ a\)]], "." }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(taylor[f_, a_, n_] := Normal[Series[f, {x, a, n}]];\)\)], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "The next command shows how ", StyleBox["taylor[ ]", FontWeight->"Bold"], " works.", " " }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ \(taylor[Exp[x], 0, 7]\)], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "Now we use our new ", StyleBox["taylor[ ] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "command to demonstrate how Taylor polynomials converge on the ", StyleBox["Sin[x]", FontWeight->"Bold"], " as ", StyleBox["n", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", the degree of the polynomial, increases." }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ ButtonBox[ ButtonBox[ RowBox[{ StyleBox["\[MathematicaIcon]", FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->RGBColor[0.792981, 0.777356, 0.144533], FontVariations->{"CompatibilityType"->0}], StyleBox[" ", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox["About", FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->RGBColor[0.500008, 0, 0.500008]], StyleBox[" ", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox["Mathematica", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic", FontColor->RGBColor[0.500008, 0, 0.500008]]}], ButtonStyle->"Paste"], ButtonData:>"h1", ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"]], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth, Evaluatable->False, CellTags->"hb1"], Cell[BoxData[{ \(\(f = Sin[x];\)\), "\n", \(Print["\", g = taylor[f, 0, 3]]\), "\n", \(\(graph1 = Plot[f, {x, \(-2\)\ \[Pi], 2\ \[Pi]}, PlotStyle \[Rule] {RGBColor[0, 0, 1]}, AxesLabel \[Rule] {"\", "\"}, DisplayFunction -> Identity];\)\), "\n", \(\(graph2 = Plot[g, {x, \(-2\)\ \[Pi], 2\ \[Pi]}, PlotStyle \[Rule] RGBColor[1, 0, 0], AxesLabel \[Rule] {"\", "\"}, DisplayFunction -> Identity];\)\), "\n", \(\(Show[graph1, graph2, PlotRange \[Rule] {\(-4\), 4}, DisplayFunction -> $DisplayFunction];\)\), "\n", \(Print["\"]\)}], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "We can put this all together and form a new command, which we will call ", StyleBox["compare[ ]", FontWeight->"Bold"], ". When a ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " command consists of a list of instructions, we use the ", StyleBox["Block[ ]", FontWeight->"Bold"], " command to form the function." }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(compare[f_, a_, n_, xlimits_, yyylimits_] := Block[{}, g = taylor[f, a, n]; size = 6; \n\t\tgraph1 = Plot[f, {x, xlimits[\([1]\)], xlimits[\([2]\)]}, PlotStyle \[Rule] {RGBColor[0, 0, 1]}, AxesLabel \[Rule] {"\", None}, ImageSize -> {72*size, 72*size/3*2}, AspectRatio \[Rule] 2/3, DisplayFunction \[Rule] Identity]; \n\t\tgraph2 = Plot[g, {x, xlimits[\([1]\)], xlimits[\([2]\)]}, PlotStyle -> {RGBColor[1, 0, 0]}, AxesLabel \[Rule] {"\", None}, ImageSize -> {72*size, 72*size/3*2}, AspectRatio \[Rule] 2/3, DisplayFunction \[Rule] Identity]; \n\t\tShow[{graph1, graph2}, DisplayFunction \[Rule] $DisplayFunction, PlotRange -> {yyylimits[\([1]\)], yyylimits[\([2]\)]}, \ PlotLabel -> {f\ , \ "\", \ \ p\_n}];\t];\)\)], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "Let's try it on ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`sin(x)\)]], " near ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`x\ = \ 0. \)]] }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(compare[Sin[x], 0, 3, {\(-3\)*Pi, 3*Pi}, {\(-3\), 3}];\)\)], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "The ", StyleBox["Do[ ]", FontWeight->"Bold"], " command will generate a sequence of graphs showing the convergence of the \ Taylor polynomials on ", StyleBox["f", FontSlant->"Italic"], " near ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`x\ = \ a\)]], ". The value of ", StyleBox["n", FontSlant->"Italic"], " will go from 0 to 20 in increments of 2. This means that the sine \ function will be approximated by polynomials of degree 0 through 20. Notice \ how each successive approximation does a better job of fitting the function \ as you move away from ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`x = 0\)]], ".\n\nYou can animate the graphs by double clicking on any one of the \ graphs in the sequence. " }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(Do[ compare[Sin[x], 0, n, {\(-10\), 10}, {\(-3\), 3}], {n, 0, 20, 2}];\)\)], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth, AnimationDisplayTime->0.371293] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["You Try It: Part I", "Section", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "Try some of your own functions. Some suggestions are: ", StyleBox["Sin[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 0\)]], ", ", StyleBox["Cos[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 0\)]], ", ", StyleBox["Exp[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 0\)]], ", ", StyleBox["1/(1+x) ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "at", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`\(\(\ \)\(a = 0\)\)\)]], ", ", StyleBox["Log[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "(the natural log) at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 1\)]], ",and ", StyleBox["Sqrt[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 4. \)]], " Change any of the terms in red that you wish. The first cell creates only \ one Taylor polynomial and graph. The red terms in the next cell will carry \ out the Taylor approximation for the natural log function around ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 1\)]], "." }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"f", "=", StyleBox[\(Log[x]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";", "\n", RowBox[{"a", "=", StyleBox["1", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";", "\n", RowBox[{"degree", "=", StyleBox["4", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";", "\n", RowBox[{"xlimits", "=", StyleBox[\({\(- .1\), 6}\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";", "\n", RowBox[{"ylimits", "=", StyleBox[\({\(-10\), 3}\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";", "\n", \(Print["\", f, "\< around \>", a, "\< is \>", taylor[f, a, degree]]\)}], "\n", \(compare[f, a, degree, xlimits, ylimits];\), "\n", \(Print["\"]\)}], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell["\<\ To create a series of plots with the function you have chosen, execute the \ following command.\ \>", "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(Do[compare[f, a, n, xlimits, ylimits], {n, 0, 20, 1}];\)\)], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth, AnimationDisplayTime->0.371293], Cell[TextData[{ "The Taylor polynomial seems to approximate the function well in the \ interval between 0 and 2, but look at what is happening beyond ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`x = 2\)]], "." }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["\<\ Part II: Demonstrations of Convergence and Lack of Convergence\ \>", "Section", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "The ", StyleBox["taylorpolydemo[f_, a_, nrange_, xlimits_, ylimits_ ]", FontWeight->"Bold"], " command is used to demonstrate the convergence of Taylor polynomials to a \ function that has derivatives of all orders over some interval of its domain \ as the degree of the polynomial increases. The arguments are ", StyleBox["f ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "(a function of ", StyleBox["x", FontSlant->"Italic"], "), ", StyleBox["a", FontWeight->"Bold"], " (the point about which the function is expanded), ", StyleBox["nrange", FontWeight->"Bold"], " (the range of degrees of polynomials to be compared with ", StyleBox["f", FontWeight->"Bold"], ", and the increment size), ", StyleBox["xlimits", FontWeight->"Bold"], " (the ", StyleBox["x", FontSlant->"Italic"], "-axis limits on the graphics window), and ", StyleBox["ylimits", FontWeight->"Bold"], " (the ", StyleBox["y", FontSlant->"Italic"], "-axis limits on the graphics window). You can animate the graphics by \ mouse-clicking the outermost cell bracket on the right edge of the notebook \ window and then typing Ctrl+Y. Following are some examples that you can use, \ or you can add some of your own." }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(taylorpolydemo[Sin[x], 0, {1, 19, 2}, {\(-4\)*Pi, 4*Pi}, {\(-3\), 3}];\)\)], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth, AnimationDisplayTime->54.2801], Cell["\<\ The sine function you just plotted is very well behaved. Consider the \ following rational function, and see what happens.\ \>", "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(taylorpolydemo[1/\((x + 1)\), 0, {1, 20, 1}, {\(-1\), 2}, {\(-10\), 30}];\)\)], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["You Try It: Part II", "Section", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[TextData[{ "Select your own function, and change the terms in red. Be careful to use \ correct ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " format when inserting your own functions. Some functions that you may \ want to try, if you haven't already, are: ", StyleBox["Cos[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 0\)]], ", ", StyleBox["Exp[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 0\)]], ", ", StyleBox["Log[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "(the natural log) at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 1\)]], ", and ", StyleBox["Sqrt[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 4. \)]], " The commands in the next cell are for ", StyleBox["Exp[x] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "at ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`a = 0\)]], "." }], "Text", PageWidth->PaperWidth], Cell[BoxData[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"f", "=", StyleBox[\(Exp[x]\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";", "\n", RowBox[{"a", "=", StyleBox["0", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";"}], "\n", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"xlimits", "=", StyleBox[\({\(-7\), 5}\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";"}], "\n", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"ylimits", "=", StyleBox[\({\(-12\), 48}\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";"}], "\n", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"nrange", "=", StyleBox[\({1, 14, 1}\), FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 0]]}], ";"}], "\n", \(taylorpolydemo[f, a, nrange, xlimits, ylimits];\)}], "Input", PageWidth->PaperWidth] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["\[MathematicaIcon]", FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->RGBColor[0.792981, 0.777356, 0.144533], FontVariations->{"CompatibilityType"->0}], StyleBox[" ", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox["About", FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->RGBColor[0.500008, 0, 0.500008]], StyleBox[" ", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox["Mathematica", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic", FontColor->RGBColor[0.500008, 0, 0.500008]] }], "Section", PageWidth->PaperWidth, CellDingbat->None], Cell[TextData[{ "Note that in the ", StyleBox["Plot[ ] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "and ", StyleBox["Show[ ] ", FontWeight->"Bold"], "commands, the ", StyleBox["DisplayFunction \[Rule] Identity", FontWeight->"Bold"], " option turns off the graphics display generated by the command. 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